Bio-waste Management During COVID-19

Ever since the transmission of novel coronavirus through human-to-human hit the world. As this disease is spreading every day, hospitalisation of individuals increased. Consequence of this, there is a sudden surge of millions of gloves, masks, hand sanitizers and the other essential equipment in each month. Disposal of these commodities is a big challenge for hospitals and COVID-centre, as they may became the reason of creating pollution and infect the surroundings. Increasing hospitalisation cases of COVID-19 results in raising bio-waste which creates pollution. Observing the scenario, a mathematical model with four compartments is constructed in this article. The threshold value indicates the intensity of pollution that emerged from bio-waste. Stability of the equilibrium point gave the necessary condition. Optimal control theory is outlined to achieve the purpose of this chapter by reducing pollution. Outcomes are analytically proven and also numerically simulated. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Global Stability Analysis Through Graph Theory for Smartphone Usage During COVID-19 Pandemic

During the pandemic due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), technology is regarded as a boon as well as a curse to human life which has a great impact on surroundings, people and the society. One of the innovative, however, perilous (if misused) inventions of humans is the smartphone which is becoming more and more alarmingly common yet an urgent question to be addressed. A wide application of smartphone technology is observed during this pandemic. It has both positive as well as negative impact on the prominent areas which include education, business, health, social life and furthermore. Moreover, the impact of such an addiction is observed not only among youngsters but has influenced all age groups. This scenario is modelled in this research through non-linear ordinary differential equations, where individuals susceptible to smartphone use will be either positively or negatively infected/addicted, may suffer from health issues procuring medication. Threshold is calculated using the next generation matrix method. Stability analysis is done using graph theory, and for the validation of data, numerical simulation is carried out. This study gives results explaining positive and negative issues on health due to excessive use of smartphone. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.